C++ is a general purpose programming language and widely used now a days for competetive programming. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. C++ runs on lots of platform like Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac etc. It is an efficient and powerful language and finds wide use in various GUI platforms, 3D graphics and real-time simulations. Because of the inclusion of rich function libraries, working in C++ becomes simpler and conveninent than C. Being object oriented programming like Java, C++ provides the support of inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, etc. Unlike C, C++ allows exception handling and function overloading.
he "Hello World" program is the first step towards learning any programming language and also one of
the simplest programs you will learn. All you have to do is display the message "Hello World" on the
screen.
Let us now look at the program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout <<"Hello World";
return 0;
}
C++ is an Object Oriented Programming Language.
The main pillars of Object Oriented Programming are:
- Object and Classes
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Abstraction
- Encapsulation
Object-oriented Programming- As the name suggests uses objects in programming. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.
Object: An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour. An Object
is an instance of a class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is
instantined memory is allocated.
Class: The building block of C++ that leads to Object-Oriented programming is a class. It is
a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and member functions, which can be
accessed & used by creating an instance of that class. A class is like a blueprint for an object.
For Example: Consider the class of cars. There may be many cars with different names and brand but
all of them will share some common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, speed limit,
Mileage range etc. So here, Car is the class and wheels, speed limits, mileage are their properties.
The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important feature of Object Oriented Programming. Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is called Sub class or Derived Class. Super Class: The class whose properties are inherited by sub class is called Base Class or Super class. Using inheritance, we have to write the functions only one time instead of three times as we have inherited rest of the three classes from base class(Vehicle).
Mode of Inheritance :
Public Mode : If we derive a sub class from a public
base class. Then the public member of the base class will become public in the derived class and
protected members of the base class will become protected in derived class.
Protected
Mode : If we derive a sub class from a Protected base class. Then both public member and
protected members of the base class will become protected in derived class.
Private Mode
: If we derive a sub class from a Private base class. Then both public member and protected
members of the base class will become Private in derived class.
Types of Inheritance in
C++ :
Single Inheritance : In single inheritance, a class is allowed to
inherit from only one class. i.e. one sub class is inherited by one base class only.
Multiple Inheritance : Multiple Inheritance is a feature of C++ where a class can inherit
from more than one classes. i.e one sub class is inherited from more than one base classes.
Multilevel Inheritance : In this type of inheritance, a derived class is created from another
derived class.
Hieratical Inheritance : In this type of inheritance, more than one
sub class is inherited from a single base class i.e. more than one derived class is created from a
single base class.
Hybrid (Virtual) Inheritance : Hybrid Inheritance is implemented
by combining more than one type of inheritance. For example: Combining Hierarchical inheritance and
Multiple Inheritance.
The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, we can define polymorphism as the
ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form. A real-life example of polymorphism, a
person at the same time can have different characteristics. Like a man at the same time is a father,
a husband, an employee. So the same person posses different behavior in different situations. This
is called polymorphism. Polymorphism is considered as one of the important features of Object
Oriented Programming.
In C++ polymorphism is mainly divided into two types:
1.
Compile time Polymorphism
2. Runtime Polymorphism
Compile time polymorphism: This type of polymorphism is achieved by function overloading or operator
overloading.
Runtime polymorphism: This type of polymorphism is achieved by Function
Overriding.
Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important feature of object oriented programming
in C++. Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding the details. Data
abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the outside world,
hiding the background details or implementation.
Consider a real life example of a man driving
a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the speed of car or applying
brakes will stop the car but he does not know about how on pressing accelerator the speed is
actually increasing, he does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of
accelerator, brakes etc in the car. This is what abstraction is.
Abstraction using Classes: We can implement Abstraction in C++ using classes. Class helps us
to group data members and member functions using available access specifiers. A Class can decide
which data member will be visible to outside world and which is not.
Abstraction in Header
files: One more type of abstraction in C++ can be header files. For example, consider the
pow() method present in math.h header file. Whenever we need to calculate power of a number, we
simply call the function pow() present in the math.h header file and pass the numbers as arguments
without knowing the underlying algorithm according to which the function is actually calculating
power of numbers.
Advantages of Data Abstraction:
1. Helps the user to avoid
writing the low level code.
2. Avoids code duplication and increases reusability.
3. Can
change internal implementation of class independently without affecting the user.
4. Helps to
increase security of an application or program as only important details are provided to the user.
In normal terms Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit. In Object Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulates them. Consider a real life example of encapsulation, in a company there are different sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales section etc. The finance section handles all the financial transactions and keep records of all the data related to finance. Similarly the sales section handles all the sales related activities and keep records of all the sales. Now there may arise a situation when for some reason an official from finance section needs all the data about sales in a particular month. In this case, he is not allowed to directly access the data of sales section. He will first have to contact some other officer in the sales section and then request him to give the particular data. This is what encapsulation is. Here the data of sales section and the employees that can manipulate them are wrapped under a single name “sales section”.
Encapsulation also lead to data abstraction or hiding. As using encapsulation also hides the data.
In the above example the data of any of the section like sales, finance or accounts is hidden from
any other section.
In C++ encapsulation can be implemented using Class and access modifiers.